Objective To investigate the effect of invisible orthodontic treatment without brackets on the lower efficiency of maxillary central incisor, stress distribution of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in anterior teeth area in adult patients with tooth extraction. Methods From January 2021 to October 2022, 80 adult patients who underwent tooth extraction correction in the Department of Orthodontics, Xining First People's Hospital were selected as the research objects, and all of them received invisible orthodontic treatment without brackets. The maximum stress value and moving distance of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in the anterior teeth of the patients were analyzed by Ansys workbench 2020 r2. Results The A value of 80 patients was (3.82±0.92) mm, the B value was (0.57±0.43) mm, and the C value was (-0.23±0.72) mm; the B value and C value were less than the A value, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference between B value and C value ( P >0.05). The D pressure was (-3.64±1.40) mm by overlapping measurement. There was no significant difference between C value and D value ( P >0.05). The three-dimensional finite element analysis model showed that the root tip and the cervical margin of periodontal ligament were the sites with the maximum stress value in 9 patients. Correlation regression analysis showed that the maximum stress value and moving distance at the cervical margin of the periodontal membrane of the right maxillary canine in 9 patients were correlated in straight line, logarithm and index ( P <0.05). Conclusion At a certain moving distance, the stress of the invisible orthodontic treatment without brackets on the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in the anterior teeth of adult patients with tooth extraction increases with the increase of the amount of orthodontic treatment. In terms of the effect on the lower efficiency of maxillary central incisor, the larger the intrusion value in the conventional scheme, the stronger the elongation trend, and the doctor needs to design more intrusion overcorrection.