To explore the effect of minimally invasive caries removal technique in the treatment of dental caries. Methods A total of 100 patients with dental caries admitted to our hospital from August 2020 to September 2021 were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was treated with traditional intervention methods, and the experimental group was treated with minimally invasive decay removal technique. The clinical efficacy, single tooth treatment time, postoperative pain and negative emotions were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was 90.00%, which was higher than 74.00% in the control group (P <0.05). The single tooth treatment time of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group (P <0.05). The loss rate of filler and the recurrence rate of dental caries in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). The proportion of no pain in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group, and the proportion of severe pain was lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The SAS score and SDS score of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Compared with the traditional treatment method， the application of minimally invasive caries removal technique in the treatment of dental caries is effective, the filling effect is better and the intervention time is shorter. Meanwhile, it can effectively prevent the loss of fillings and the recurrence of dental caries, so as to improve the prognosis effect, and the postoperative pain is lighter, which is conducive to improving the comfort of patients and reducing their negative emotions.