Objective To explore the effect of targeted nursing intervention on treatment compliance in patients with chronic eczema undergoing desensitization therapy. Methods A total of 100 patients with chronic eczema who underwent desensitization treatment in Zhifang Street Community Health Service Center from June 2022 to June 2023 were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was given routine nursing, and the observation group was given targeted nursing intervention on the basis of the control group. The compliance, satisfaction, complications, disease cognition and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results The compliance of the observation group was 98.00%, which was higher than 82.00% of the control group (P <0.05). The satisfaction rate of the observation group was 94.00%, which was higher than 74.00% of the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 2.00%, which was lower than 18.00% in the control group (P <0.05). The cognitive scores of the causes of disease, treatment methods, nursing and measures, and risk factors in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). After intervention, the scores of all dimensions of quality of life in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion The application of targeted nursing intervention in patients with chronic eczema undergoing desensitization therapy has a good effect, which can effectively improve patients' awareness of the disease, improve their compliance and satisfaction, and help to reduce the incidence of complications and improve the quality of life of patients.