Objective To investigate the long-term effect and its influencing factors in patients with burn and plastic surgery. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 150 patients who underwent burn and plastic surgery in our hospital from March 2020 to August 2023. The patients were followed up for 6 months after operation to observe the complications and the occurrence of secondary operation. Both of them had not occurred in the good group (123 patients), and those with complications or secondary operation were in the poor group (27 patients). The basic information of the patients was collected through the electronic medical record system and follow-up records, and the factors affecting the long-term effect of the patients were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression. Results Complications or secondary surgery occurred in 27 patients and did not occur in 123 patients. There were statistically significant differences in burn depth, burn area, postoperative residual wounds, underlying diseases, types of postoperative antibiotic use and operation time between the two groups (P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that deep burn depth (95%CI : 2.643-71.166, P=0.002), large burn area (95%CI : 2.343-56.826, P=0.003), postoperative residual wound (95%CI : 1.295-11.708, P=0.016 ), underlying diseases (95%CI : 2.228-21.438, P=0.001), ≥2 kinds of antibiotics (95%CI : 1.476-15.383, P=0.009) and operation time ≥200 min (95%CI : 1.250-14.096, P=0.020) were the key factors affecting the long-term effect of patients after burn and plastic surgery. Conclusion The factors affecting the long-term effect of burn and plastic surgery include the depth and area of burns, whether there are residual wounds after surgery, whether there are underlying diseases, the use of antibiotics after surgery, and the length of surgery. Future research and clinical practice should focus on these key factors to reduce the incidence of complications and improve the success rate of surgery.