Objective To investigate the effect of conventional restoration and resin layered anterior teeth aesthetic restoration on oral function and periodontal indexes of patients with anterior teeth defect. Methods A total of 100 patients with anterior teeth defect admitted to Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into control group (n =50) and observation group (n =50). The control group was given conventional restoration, and the observation group was given resin layered anterior teeth aesthetic restoration. The restoration effect, oral function, periodontal indexes and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of restoration in the observation group was 96.00%, which was higher than 80.00% in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the scores of language function, masticatory function and fixed function in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the PLI, GI and SBI in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 8.00%, which was lower than 32.00% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion The overall clinical effect of resin layered anterior teeth aesthetic restoration in patients with anterior teeth defect is better than that of conventional restoration, which can effectively improve the prognosis of patients, and it is worthy of application.