Objective To analyze the effect of different denture restorations in patients with dentition defect. Methods A total of 98 patients with dentition defect admitted to Beijing Daxing District Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine from October 2022 to October 2024 were selected and randomly divided into study group and control group, with 49 patients in each group. The control group was repaired with complete denture, and the study group was repaired with implantsupported overdenture. The retention effect, aesthetics effect, oral function and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The retention rate of the study group was 97.96%, which was higher than 83.67% of the control group (P <0.05). The aesthetics rate of the study group was 95.92%, which was higher than 79.59% of the control group (P <0.05). The scores of physiological discomfort, oral pain, oral function limitation and psychological discomfort after restoration in the two groups were lower than those before restoration, and the scores of physiological discomfort, oral pain, oral function limitation and psychological discomfort after restoration in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the study group was 4.08%, which was lower than 18.37% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion For patients with dentition defect, implant-supported overdenture can achieve good retention and aesthetics effect, and can improve oral function and reduce the incidence of complications.