Objective To analyze the effect of micro-implant anchorage on root resorption rate, dentition indexes and masticatory function in patients with orthodontics. Methods A total of 70 adult patients with orthodontics admitted to Shenzhen Grenfell Dental Hospital from September 2020 to September 2023 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the reference group and the research group, with 35 patients in each group. The reference group was treated with physiological anchorage orthodontics technique, and the research group was treated with micro-implant anchorage. The root resorption rate, dentition indexes, masticatory function, aesthetic effect and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The root resorption rate in the research group was lower than that in the reference group (P <0.05). The angles of the maxillary and mandibular central incisor in the research group were greater than those in the reference group, and the widths of the upper and lower incisors were greater than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The masticatory function in the research group after orthodontics was higher than that in the reference group (P <0.05). The scores of the white esthetic score and the pink esthetic score in the research group were higher than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The incidences of soft tissue edema and stomatitis in the research group were lower than those in the reference group (P <0.05), while there was no significant difference in the tooth loosening rate between the two groups (P >0.05). Conclusion Micro-implant anchorage can reduce the effect of orthodontics on root volume, decrease root resorption, improve masticatory function, reduce the incidence of complications, and have an ideal orthodontics effect and aesthetics effect.