Objective To compare the application effects of common light-cured composite resin and nanocomposite resin in the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Methods A total of 100 patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth admitted to Tengzhou Central People's Hospital from January 2022 to January 2024 were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was repaired with common light-cured composite resin, and the observation group was repaired with nanocomposite resin. The periodontal health indexes, anterior teeth aesthetic effects, complication rate and restoration satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results After restoration, the levels of PLI, GI and SBI in the two groups were lower than those before restoration, and those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). After restoration, the scores of WES and PES in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The proportion of satisfaction with aesthetics, comfort, restoration color and shape in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Compared with the common light-cured composite resin material, the nanocomposite resin material has better application effect in the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. It can improve the periodontal health status of patients, enhance the anterior teeth aesthetic effects, reduce the incidence of complications, and patients have higher satisfaction with the restoration.