Objective To analyze the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental aesthetics and masticatory function in patients with tooth displacement caused by periodontal disease. Methods A total of 80 patients with tooth displacement caused by periodontal disease admitted to the Department of Stomatology, Baihe County People's Hospital from January 2020 to August 2023 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group (n =40) and the observation group (n =40). The control group received conventional treatment, and the observation group received orthodontic treatment. The treatment effect, dental aesthetics, inflammatory factor levels, masticatory function and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 97.50%, which was higher than 80.00% in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the scores of esah aspect of dental aesthetics in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4 in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the masticatory function score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 2.50%, which was lower than 17.50% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion The application effect of orthodontic treatment for patients with tooth displacement caused by periodontal disease is good. It can effectively improve the dental aesthetics and masticatory function of patients, reduce the levels of inflammatory factors, enhance the orthodontic treatment effect, and is beneficial to reducing the incidence of complications, which is worthy of clinical application.