Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of light-cured composite resin in patients undergoing oral aesthetic restoration for dental defect. Methods A total of 50 patients who underwent oral aesthetic restoration for dental defect in Beijing Daxing District Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine from January 2023 to December 2024 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, with 25 patients in each group. The control group was treated with cast metal post restoration, and the observation group was treated with light-cured composite resin restoration. The clinical efficacy, root canal wall thickness, aesthetic score, complications and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate in the observation group was 96.00%, which was higher than 72.00% in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the root canal wall thickness of the affected teeth and the aesthetic score in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the treatment satisfaction in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Light-cured composite resin has a definite treatment effect in patients with dental defect. It can restore the dental function, improve the restoration aesthetics, reduce the incidence of complications, and has higher patient satisfaction.