Objective To explore the effect of nanocomposite resin on periodontal indexes and dental aesthetics in patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of maxillary anterior teeth area. Methods A total of 80 patients who received aesthetic restoration of maxillary anterior teeth area in the People's Hospital of Yizheng from July 2023 to September 2024 were selected as the research subjects, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 40 patients in each group. The control group was restored with light-curing composite resin material, and the observation group was restored with nanocomposite resin material. The clinical efficacy, periodontal health status, pain degree and dental aesthetics were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 97.50%, which was higher than 80.00% in the control group (P <0.05). The scores of gingival index, plaque index, tooth mobility and sulcus bleeding index in the observation group after restoration were (0.43±0.05)scores, (0.50±0.06)scores, (0.33±0.03)scores, and (0.55±0.14)scores, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(0.92±0.08)scores, (0.97±0.05)scores, (0.69±0.05)scores, and (1.31±0.16)scores] (P <0.05). The pain scores of the observation group at 1, 3 and 6 months after restoration were lower than those of the control group (P <0.05). The scores of color matching degree, morphological integrity and marginal adaptation in the observation group after restoration were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Nanocomposite resin material for aesthetic restoration of maxillary anterior teeth area has a definite clinical effect, which can effectively improve periodontal health, relieve pain, and enhance dental aesthetics. It is worthy of clinical application.