Objective To investigate the current status of oral health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and influencing factors in elderly patients with unilateral partial edentulism after removable partial denture restoration. Methods A total of 158 elderly patients with unilateral partial edentulism who were treated in the Department of Prosthodontics, Hefei Stomatological Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024 were selected as the research subjects. All patients received removable partial denture restoration. The relevant data of the subjects were statistically analyzed to evaluate their oral health KAP, and univariate and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. Results The oral health KAP score of 158 elderly patients with unilateral partial edentulism after removable partial denture restoration was (63.42±7.36)scores. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, educational level, personal monthly income and marital status were the influencing factors of oral health KAP in elderly patients with unilateral partial edentulism after removable partial denture restoration (P <0.05). Conclusion The current status of oral health KAP in elderly patients with unilateral partial edentulism after removable partial denture restoration is at a moderate level, and it is affected by age, educational level, personal monthly income and marital status. Individualized intervention plans can be formulated based on the above factors to actively improve the prognosis of such patients.