As an important guarantee for the safety of aesthetic medicine, medical laboratory technology has expanded its role from traditional preoperative screening to the whole process management of diagnosis and treatment. This technology is gradually transforming and upgrading from basic screening to precision diagnosis and treatment, and its application scope covers key links such as risk early warning, etiological diagnosis and efficacy evaluation. In the field of aesthetic medicine, medical laboratory technology replaces empirical judgment with objective data, which not only effectively improves the ability to prevent postoperative complications, but also enhances the treatment efficiency of skin diseases, thus becoming an important technical support for standardizing industry development and ensuring medical safety. This study systematically reviews the relevant literature in recent years, and focuses on the analysis of the application of medical laboratory technology in preoperative safety screening, diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-aging efficacy evaluation in the aesthetic field, as well as its future development trends, aiming to provide comprehensive theoretical reference and practical guidance for practitioners in the aesthetic field.