As a high-performance thermoplastic polymer, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) shows broad application prospects in the field of bone implantation due to its mechanical properties, fatigue resistance, radiolucency and other characteristics. However, as a bioinert material, PEEK lacks a bioactive surface, which limits its application. The osseointegration performance can be effectively improved by modifying the material surface and preparing composite materials. This article reviews the characteristics of PEEK materials, modification methods and the biological properties after modification, aiming to provide a reference for the application of PEEK in the field of oral implantation.