Objective To evaluate the effect of ultrashort wave electrotherapy device on skin chroma, aging state and barrier function in patients with aging skin. Methods A total of 100 patients with aging-related skin damage admitted to the Dermatology Clinic of our hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into the control group and the study group by the random number table method, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was given conventional treatment, and the study group was treated with ultrashort wave electrotherapy device on this basis. The skin chroma, skin aging state, skin hydration and barrier function, skin sensitivity and safety, and subjective satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, the L* value in the study group was higher than that in the control group, and the skin aging state score was lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The stratum corneum hydration index in the study group was higher than that in the control group, and the TEWL was lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The erythema index in the study group was lower than that in the control group, and the incidence of adverse reactions (6.00%) was lower than that in the control group (12.00%) (P <0.05). The scores of skin quality improvement and overall satisfaction in the study group were higher than those in the control group, and the satisfaction rate (92.00%) was higher than that in the control group (79.00%) (P <0.05). Conclusion Ultrashort wave electrotherapy device can effectively improve skin chroma, skin quality and barrier function in patients with aging skin, with high safety and good clinical experience, which is worthy of application.