With the continuous development of tooth whitening technology, methods such as chemical bleaching, light-enhanced whitening, and mechanical assistance combined with physical cleaning have been widely used in clinical practice. However, while these whitening methods achieve a whitening effect, they may also cause a series of adverse effects on enamel. This paper systematically reviews the mechanism of action of current mainstream tooth whitening technologies and their effects on the microstructure and physicochemical properties of enamel. Meanwhile, it summarizes a number of protection and repair strategies, including the application of fluoride, remineralization materials, antioxidant treatment, and control of sensitive symptoms. Finally, from the perspective of clinical practical application and safety, it emphasizes the important significance of whitening technology in promoting the development of tooth preservation and restoration and personalized treatment, and puts forward prevention and control suggestions for existing risks, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.