Implant restoration has become the preferred solution for addressing dentition defect or edentulism due to its advantages in function and aesthetics. However, in clinical practice, factors such as bone destruction caused by periodontitis, physiological alveolar bone resorption, bone defect resulting from trauma, and jaw defect induced by tumor often lead to insufficient bone volume in the implant area. With the continuous update of artificial bone graft materials, 3D-printed biomimetic bone scaffold has demonstrated excellent osteogenic effects in clinical applications, providing a reliable solution to the clinical challenge of alveolar bone defect. This paper reviews the research progress of in vivo osteogenesis of biomimetic bone scaffold and introduces the advantages, disadvantages and current research status of various scaffold materials, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.