Objective To explore the effect of socket preservation technique on hard and soft tissue indexes and aesthetic effect in patients undergoing tooth extraction in the anterior aesthetic zone. Methods A total of 90 patients who underwent tooth extraction in the anterior aesthetic zone and were admitted to Yancheng Stomatological Hospital from July 2023 to July 2025 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, with 45 patients in each group. The control group received conventional treatment, and the observation group received socket preservation technique. The wound healing, hard tissue indexes, soft tissue indexes, aesthetic effect and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The wound healing time of the observation group was shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05). At 3 months after surgery, the alveolar bone width, height and bone mineral density in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). At 3 months after surgery, the gingival thickness and papillary height in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). At 3 months after surgery, the score of PES in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Socket preservation technique after tooth extraction in the anterior aesthetic zone is conducive to promoting wound healing, maintaining the morphology of alveolar bone and gingival hard and soft tissues, thereby improving the effect of oral aesthetic restoration, with a low incidence of complications.